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In this Issue:

Upcoming South Shore Events

 

Learn about Constellations and their use in navigating the night sky, their origins and types, star charts and star hopping. 
Constellations: Our Guideposts to the Night Sky with RASC Belleville.
Astronomy Talk at Picton Library – Flex Space on Sat., Jan. 11, 2025 at 2:00 P.M.
For information, go to Astronomy Talk Jan 11 2025.

Explore the Prince Edward Point National Wildlife Area with Cheryl Chapman, part of SSJI’s Wild Thing Outdoor Education Program.
NWA Tour on Sat., Jan. 18, 2025 and Sun., Jan. 19, 2025.
Meet time for both days is 1:00 P.M. Events last 3 hours.
The tour coordinator will contact you with details closer to the tour date.
To RSVP for the respective tours, go to South Shore Events.
For more information, contact Cheryl Chapman at [email protected]

Space is limited! RSVP for South Shore Events now at ssji.ca
Unable to attend and want to support? Donate or become a member now at ssji.ca

 

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Make Waves in 2025 and Beyond

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November 1 walk in the MapleCross Coastline Reserve

by Cheryl Anderson 

 

Maple Cross Coastline Reserve features wild, undeveloped shoreline, coastal wetland, forest, alvar and grassland. It was acquired by the Nature Conservancy of Canada (NCC) in 2019. The 55-hectare property is bisected by a pathway running from Helmer Road to Lake Ontario. Along the way the pathway swerves to meet the border of the Ostrander Point Crown Land Block section of Monarch Point Conservation Reserve before continuing to the Lake.

Jennifer Gagne (Photo: Cheryl Anderson)

A small group of intrepid strollers met with NCC Coordinator, Conservation Biology - Central Ontario East Jennifer Gagné at the corner of Helmer and Babylon Roads. Helmer Road is rutted with large puddles, so we car-pooled to the gate for the MapleCross property.

The property is open for responsible walkers and bird watchers. Prince Edward Point Bird Observatory carries out a summer banding program in MapleCross. The banders have documented Clay-coloured Sparrows along with other grassland and forest birds breeding at the site.

MapleCross group Nov 1 2024 (Photo: Jennifer Gagne)

The footpath to the Lake is mowed and easy to follow. It winds through meadow, wetland and forest areas. Jennifer pointed out the plants and animals of note as we strolled to the Lake. There is evidence of Common Milkweed, along with several types of alvar-indicator plants such as Monardia and Wild Basil. American Bittersweet, Wild Rose hips, Viburnum berries and the stems of Red-osier Dogwood added a touch of colour to the otherwise green and grey landscape. There were a few stands of Eastern White Cedar although the evergreen trees were predominantly Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) with their beautiful blue berries. Along the way we spied a Little Brown Snake and uncovered the winter home of its companion and a Red-bellied Snake. A Harrier wheeled overhead, and a Common Raven called. We flushed a Ruffed Grouse and heard, Black-capped Chickadees, Blue Jays and Golden-crowned Kinglets. At the shore the active surf made waterfowl viewing difficult however three Ring-billed Gulls played in the gusts.

Red Cedar (Photo: Cheryl Anderson)

NCC has been conducting a European Buckthorn removal program in MapleCross and we saw the results of the volunteer efforts the previous day in several large piles of branches which will ultimately be broken down into smaller pieces.

Thank you so much to Jennifer for leading us on the walk through this beautiful property – and for providing snacks along the way.

 

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Cheryl Anderson 80th Birthday Celebration

by John Foster

Cheryl Anderson (Photo: Katherine Rogalska)

 

SSJI’s dynamic Vice-President, Cheryl Anderson celebrated her 80th Birthday on Monday, October 7th, 2024 at Creekside Restaurant in Wellington, Ontario. 37 of us threw Cheryl a surprise Birthday Party. She was really flabbergasted when she arrived at the restaurant not knowing of the party. Anyway, it was fun seeing the look on her face and her big smile. Cheryl is a valuable member of
the SSJI Board and she gets so much done for us. Along with that, Cheryl is a tireless advocate for the environment in Prince Edward County. SSJI is indeed fortunate to have her as Vice-President.

Here’s a thank you from Cheryl upon receiving a Birthday card with signatures from many of us:

“Thank you to everyone for the fabulous party this evening. To say I was surprised is a vast understatement! I am touched and humbled by all the lovely messages in this card and the beautiful things you said, and the gifts, cards and flowers. It takes a village to achieve what we have done in PEC to raise awareness about our special places – and to protect them. It is an honour to work with you all. Affectionately, Cheryl.”

 

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The Winter’s Wind1

by John Keats

 

Wanderer above the sea in fog2

O thou whose face hath felt the winter’s wind
Whose eye has seen the snow-clouds hung in mist,
And the black elm tops ‘mong the freezing stars!
To thee the spring will be a harvest time.
O thou whose only book has been the light
Of supreme darkness, which thou feddest on
Night after night, when Phœbus was away!
To thee the spring shall be a triple morn.
O fret not after knowledge. I have none,
And yet my song comes native with the warmth.
O fret not after knowledge! I have none.
And yet the evening listens. He who saddens
At thought of idleness cannot be idle,
And he’s awake who thinks himself asleep.

_____________

1 – Keats, John. N.d. The Winter’s Wind in “The Unintended Garden” by John Lechner. 2011.

https://untendedgarden.com/2011/01/the-winters-wind-a-poem-by-keats/ . Accessed 20241103.

2 – Friedrich, Caspar David. 1818. Wanderer above the sea in fog. Oil on canvas housed at Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Kunsthalle. Used by John Lechner in 2011. Accessed 20241219.

 

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High (Carbon) Seas

by Hal Hewett1

December 13, 2019

Article used with the permission of Watershed Sentinel.

A primary driver of mass extinction events, ocean acidification isn’t a popular topic – but is already affecting coastal ecology and economy.

Arrangement of carbon atoms in a diamond. (Public domain (author unknown) from Popular Science Monthly Vol 87 (1915))

Carbon

Hardest of elements as diamond and softest as graphite, with another 14 known allotropes (different forms of the same element) like graphene and graphenylene, and a further 500-odd theorized. Carbon forms more bonds than all the other elements in the periodic table combined except for hydrogen, with which it forms at least five million known compounds and another (at least) five million theorized.

It is carbon’s unique valency that makes it such a shape-shifter, and both the building block and energy carrier of all known life forms. All current transport fuels – gasoline, coal, natural gas, alcohols… everything except electric, nuclear, and hydrogen – are carbon-based.

Through history it has been both a giver of life, and a taker. The carbon cycle is an exquisitely tuned phenomenon that evolved with the planet and life in what is called a biogeochemical relationship. Carbon circulates through the biosphere into the atmosphere and aquasphere to be laid down as limestone and hydrocarbon deposits like coal and oil in the lithosphere – Earth’s crust and outer mantle. Life works with other environmental factors to keep the balance.

Carbon’s ancient footprints

Modern science has delivered many miracles that most take for granted, and some that few appreciate or respect: we can now read with great accuracy the tales laid down in the sediments and fossils from bygone epochs.

Besides having multiple shapes and forms, carbon also has 3 isotopes: C12, C13 and C14. Fossil carbon is C14 and we can tell its concentration in air and water with great accuracy. One of the big factors with “climate change” studies is how much CO2 (carbon dioxide) the ocean absorbs, and it turns out to be a lot: of the 1300 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide from anthropogenic emissions over the last 200 years, about 38% has already been absorbed into the oceans. The chemistry of ocean acidification is very simple and endlessly repeatable: add CO2 to water and it becomes carbonic acid. When we compare the data of observed CO2 increases in our acidifying oceans with the data on how much fossil fuel we’ve burned, there is no denying that our fossil carbon output is driving ocean acidification – and the historical analogs are bleak.

Around 250 million years ago in what is now Siberia, continuous volcanic eruptions in an area larger than Europe ignited massive coal beds – we know this because the formations are well known, Canadian scientist Stephen Grasby found the ash in the arctic in 2011, and the geological record shows a massive carbon spike at that time. The Earth’s crust has cooled since then and we’re unlikely to see those kinds of eruptions again, but we are now acidifying the oceans at a much greater rate than the lead-up to the Permian Triassic.

Buckminsterfullerene 3D model (Image CC 3.0 Rob Hooft via Wikimedia Commons)

The Permian Triassic extinction, often referred to as “The Great Dying” occurred around the same time as the Siberian eruptions. It was the biggest known extinction event in history: around 95% of marine species disappeared, 70% of terrestrial species vanished, and it was the only mass extinction of terrestrial plants that should have otherwise thrived in the CO2-rich environment. We know that the oceans became acidic and anoxic (low in oxygen), and like a bad case of indigestion, the conditions favoured production of poisonous hydrogen sulfide gas.

For ten million years, no coal was laid down, quite simply because there were no coal-forming plants like peat moss to do so – this is referred to as the Permian Coal Gap. Ocean acidification played a role in all the other extinction events and has been identified as a major driver of such occurrences.

Struggling molluscs & acidification “refugees”

The northwest coast of North America is subject to an upwelling effect which makes this region a canary in the proverbial coal mine. Cold water, which holds more CO2, comes up to the surface when strong winds push surface waters south. Washington state (and Puget Sound in particular) gets hit hardest, and its valuable oyster industry first started noticing unusual die-offs in 2005 – larvae survival was near zero at some farms. The next two years were no better, and by 2008 it was established that increasing acidity was the culprit. One company moved half of its operations to Hawaii in what has been called the first case of an ocean acidification refugee. Seed oyster producers have adapted by measuring acidity at the seawater intakes and shutting off supply pumps during upwelling events or adjusting pH – but wild oyster beds on the west coast have been experiencing reproductive failure because of the acidic waters.

Species with calcium carbonate-based shells are most at risk, with varying levels of sensitivity. Canada first felt the economic impact in 2013 when 10 million scallops died at a scallop farm on Vancouver Island. Of course, much more than our seafood supply is affected, the whole food chain is at risk.

The southern resident orcas feed largely on chinook salmon, and Dungeness crab larvae are a major feed stock of young chinook. NOAA (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) studies show that larvae survival rates drop from 58% at “normal” pH levels down to 14% at pH levels already seen in Puget Sound during upwelling events.

Scientists are finding the changing pH may have unexpected effects: numerous studies show that more acidic water seems to interfere with salmon’s ability to smell. We observe that salmon stocks are declining, and the southern resident orca are malnourished.

Ocean Carbon Storage (Image courtesy of NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory)

Due to the way the oceans circulate, the corrosive water that surfaces off Washington and BC is the result of CO2 that entered the sea decades earlier. We are just starting to understand how carbon circulates through the oceans and it appears likely that even if we stopped emitting excess CO2 now, West Coast sea chemistry would worsen for several decades before stabilizing, unless we find ways to pull the carbon out.

Prevention is always preferable to reaction, and we have all the technology we need to rapidly complete the transition away from a fossil future towards what can be a happier, healthier, more egalitarian way.

Hal Hewett is a heavy-duty mechanic and welder with extensive experience in biofuels and off-grid living. He believes the mature sustainable technologies available now are an important part of the solution.

___________

Footnotes:

  1. Rackley, Stephen A. (2010), “Ocean Storage,” Carbon Capture and Storage, Elsevier, pp. 267–286
  2. Potential Transgenerational Effects of Ocean Acidification on the Olympia Oyster Ostrea lurida: A Three-Part Experimental Study, Bryanda J. T. Wippel, 2017
  3. https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Carbon+Storage

 

1Hewett, Hal. 2019. High (Carbon) Seas. Watershed Sentinel 29 (5): 28-29. Accessed 20241106Wed.

(This article appears in Watershed Sentinel – Deep Time - December 2019-January 2020 issue.)

 

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Ontario Black-legged Tick Established Risk Areas 2024

Public Health Ontario

 

References

(Accessed 20241118)

1.Nova Scotia. Department of Health and Wellness. Lyme disease: a report on Lyme disease epidemiology and surveillance in Nova Scotia [Internet]. Halifax, NS: Nova Scotia. Department of Health and Wellness; 2012 [cited 2024 Feb 13]. Available from: https://novascotia.ca/dhw/populationhealth/documents/Lyme-Disease-Epidemiology-and-Surveillance-in-Nova-Scotia.pdf

2.Government of Canada. Risk of Lyme disease to Canadians [Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada; 2020 [cited 2024 Feb 13]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/lyme-disease/risk-lyme-disease.html

3.Ogden NH, Koffi JK, Lindsay LR. Assessment of a screening test to identify Lyme disease risk. Can Common Dis Rep. 2014;40(5):83-7. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/14vol40/dr-rm40-05/dr-rm40-05-2-eng.php

 

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Laurie Gashinski Donation Acknowledgement

 by Cheryl Anderson

 

"We are pleased to have received a generous memorial donation in honour of Laurie Gashinski. We extend our deepest sympathy to her family and friends."

 

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Blow Blow Thou Winter Wind

William Shakespeare

Blow, blow, thou winter wind,

Thou art not so unkind
As man’s ingratitude;
Thy tooth is not so keen,
Because thou art not seen,
Although thy breath be rude.
Heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! unto the green holly:
Most friendship is feigning, most loving mere folly:
Then, heigh-ho, the holly!
This life is most jolly.

 

Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky,
That dost not bite so nigh
As benefits forgot:
Though thou the waters warp,
Thy sting is not so sharp
As friend remembered not.
Heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! unto the green holly...

 

(Appears in As You Like It, Act 2 Scene 7.)

1 – Shakespeare, William. N.d. Blow Blow Thou Winter Wind in “Twelve beautiful winter poems”. Pan MacMillan. 2020. https://www.panmacmillan.com/blogs/literary/winter-poems-poetry-snow-frost-rossetti-poe. Accessed 20241103.

 

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County did you know … Evergreen Riddles

John F. Foster

 

1) I am sprawling shrub. I like very dry habitats. I have blue green foliage.

Who am I? __________________________

2) I I am a small to medium sized tree. I am cone shaped. I like to colonize old fields and open spaces. Who am I? __________________________

3) I can be a hedge or a large tree. I form large colonies in lowlands. I have leaves with vitamin-C and menthol. Who am I? __________________________

4) I like to grow in maple-beech-ash forests. I have red berry-like cones. I have very dark green foliage. Who am I? __________________________

5) I often grow with maple and beech. I can be very tall and straight. I have needles that are white below. Who am I? __________________________

6) I have a form that is shaped by the prevailing wind. I have long needles in fascicle of 5. I have a special scent. Who am I? __________________________ 

(See Answers in The South Shoreliner – Vol.6 No.1 – October, 2024)

 

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Bring Back the Salmon

by Brian Reid

Clarington Public Works on November 6, 2024

Article used with the permission of Brian Reid of the Samuel Wilmot Nature Area Management Advisory Committee.

Those familiar with the Nature Area and its history know that Wilmot Creek has long been a major trout and salmon fishery. For hundreds of years, Indigenous peoples gathered here seasonally to harvest this abundant food source. Settlers who arrived in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries similarly relied on the fishery for food.

Atlantic Salmon (Drawing: Timothy Knepp)3

At that time, Atlantic Salmon was a dominant fish species in Lake Ontario. They had colonized Lake Ontario from the sea during the last post-glacial period and adapted to a freshwater environment. Creeks and Rivers along the shores of the lake, including Wilmot Creek, were the scene of large-scale salmon runs each fall. But overfishing, lack of regulation and loss and degradation of habitat decimated the salmon population. In an effort to restore their numbers, Samuel Wilmot, after whom our Nature Area is named (Wilmot Creek is named after his father), established the first fish hatchery for Atlantic Salmon in 1866. Wilmot was appointed the first Dominion Superintendent of Fish Culture in 1876 and served in that role until 1895.

During its lifetime, the hatchery produced what sound like staggering numbers of young salmon: 1.5 million in 1876 alone, its peak year of production. Unfortunately, despite these numbers, Wilmot’s efforts could not reverse the decline. The species was officially declared extirpated in 1896.The hatchery focused on other species until it closed in 1914.

Salmon are still plentiful in Wilmot Creek and other creeks and rivers along the north shore of Lake Ontario, but these are introduced “Pacific“ salmon, specifically Chinook and Coho.

Chinook Salmon adult male (Drawing: A. Hoen and Co.)1

Coho Salmon breeding male (Drawing: A. Hoen and Co.)2

 

A commemorative plaque is located in the MNRF parking lot near the bridge that passes over the Creek on Highway 2.

 

In 2006, a consortium of interested parties came together to launch the Bring Back the Salmon program to endeavor to reintroduce Atlantic Salmon into Lake Ontario. The Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters, Ontario’s Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry and Ontario Power Generation are major players in this multi-year initiative.

In late October of this year, the Samuel Wilmot Nature Area Management Advisory Committee hosted a public information session to provide an overview and update on the program. Mr. Ben Teskey, Coordinator of the Atlantic Salmon Restoration program for OFAH, gave an interesting and highly informative presentation, complete with a mini aquarium of live Atlantic Salmon fry.

There are four components to the overall program: stocking, habitat restoration, public education, and research and monitoring. Part of the program includes classroom hatchery projects where students have the opportunity to raise salmon fry in their classroom before they are released. Partnerships are arranged with Ontario Power Generation which provides funding and liaison support as part of its own community outreach program. Locally, two classes of students at Vincent Massey Public School in Bowmanville were involved in the initiative this year. Next year’s school has not yet been announced.

Although Wilmot Creek is not a stocking site, its historical connection to Atlantic Salmon as the sight of initial restoration efforts, made Mr. Teskey’s presentation particularly relevant.

We would like to extend our appreciation to Mr. Teskey, the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters, The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Ontario Power Generation and all other sponsors and supporters for their important work.

 

For more information about the Restoration Program, visit:

www.bringbackthesalmon.ca . Samuel Wilmot Nature Area News 

<[email protected] >. Samuel Wilmot Nature Area News © 2024.

 

References:

1 - Evermann, Barton Warren and Goldsborough, Edmund Lee. 1907. Chinook Salmon.  Drawing by Hoen and Co. in Fishes of Alaska, Washington, D.C.:Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Fisheries.

 

2 - Evermann, Barton Warren and Goldsborough, Edmund Lee. 1907. Coho Salmon.  Drawing by Hoen and Co. in Fishes of Alaska, Washington, D.C.:Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Fisheries.

 

3- Timothy Knepp. 2013. Atlantic Salmon Drawing. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

http://www.public-domain-image.com/public-domain-images-pictures-free-stock-photos/fauna-animals-public-domain-imagespictures/fishes-public-domain-images-pictures/salmon-fish-pictures/atlantic-salmon-atlantic-fish.jpg

 

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Naked Eye Astronomy – December 2024

by Steve Burr

 

The Moon

At the beginning of the month, we started off with a new moon on the 1st of December followed by the first quarter on the 8th of December.  The full Cold moon arrived on the 15th of the month and according to the Farmer’s Almanac, a Mohawk name that conveys the frigid conditions of this time of year when cold weather truly begins to grip us.  The last quarter moon appears on the 22nd of the month.

Aurora Borealis (Photo: Carley Shortt)

 

The Planets

Venus continued to distance itself from the sun and could be seen rising higher in the South Western sky after sunset.  On Saturday the 4th of December, Venus could be seen within 2° above the Waxing crescent moon shortly after sunset.  Mars became visible in the evening sky rising just prior to 10 pm in the constellation of Cancer.  In the earlier morning hours of the 18th, there was an occultation of Mars by the Moon that started shortly after 3 am.  By the end of the month Mars will appear larger to us here on earth as it begins its retrograde motion towards opposition.  Jupiter continued its retrograde motion in Taurus and reached opposition on the 7th, making it prime for viewing.  Using a good set of binoculars or a small telescope, Jupiter's four largest moons were at their brightest and widest separation for viewing.  Jupiter will remain visible throughout the night in December.  Saturn remains visible through the early evening hours and will remain in Aquarius for the entire month.

Aurora Borealis May 2024 (Photo: Greg Lisk)

Meteor Showers

The Geminids Meteor Shower peaked on the 13th/14th of December. This meteor shower is one of the best.  Unfortunately, there was a waxing gibbous moon to distract from this event.  Looking towards the constellation of Gemini in the early morning hours of the 14th was best for viewing.  The Geminids Meteor shower is thought to originate from dust debris left by asteroid 3200 Phaethon.

Winter Solstice

The winter solstice will arrive at 4:20 am on December 21st.  In comparison to the summer solstice, the day is 6 hours and 36 minutes shorter and thus, our shortest day of the year.  The winter solstice occurs when the earth’s northern pole reaches its maximum tilt away from the sun.  Please note, the days will only get longer from here on in!

Naked Eye Astronomy – January 2025

The Moon

We start the Month off with a Waxing crescent moon on the 1st of January followed by the first quarter on the 7th of January.  The full moon, known as the Wolf Moon, arrives on the 13th of the month.  The name according to the Farmer’s Almanac has been attributed to the time of year that wolves can be heard howling.  This full moon coincides with the occultation of Mars starting around 8 pm and ending approximately 2 am on the 14th.  On the 22nd of the month, the last quarter moon appears followed by a new moon on the 29th.

The Planets

Venus is now well placed in the South just after sunset and is visible for four hours.  On the 20th of January, Venus is within 3° of Saturn just after sunset.  Mars is an evening object growing in size and brightness as it approaches earth.  It can be found rising in the Southeast around 7 pm at the beginning of month, and shortly after sunset by the end of the month. On the 16th of January, Mars reaches opposition, making it a good time to observe this planet.  Jupiter is still in retrograde motion, rising soon after 6 pm and dominating the night sky.  Look for this planet in the constellation of Taurus.  Saturn, visible in the Southeast sky just after sunset, comes within .7 of a degree of the Waxing crescent moon on the 4th.

Quadrantid Meteor Shower

This meteor shower radiating from the end of the handle of the Big Dipper reaches its peak on the 2nd/3rd of January and is best seen in the early morning hours of the 3rd.  Luckily, we have a waxing crescent moon that will not interfere with our viewing.  The origins of the Quadrantid can be traced back to debris left by asteroid 203 EH1 and Comet 96P/Machholz.

Comet Tsuchinshan- Atlas C2023 A3 (Photo: Greg Lisk)

Comet Tsuchinshan-Atlas and Milky Way (Photo: Steven Burr)

Comet Tsuchinshan-Atlas C2023 A3 (Photo: Steven Burr)

 

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Kids Korner

by Cheryl Chapman

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County did you know … Maple Riddles Answers

John F. Foster

1) I have a 5-lobed leaf. I have lots of teeth on the edges of my leaf. I am red in Autumn.

Who am I?  Red Maple

 

2) I am a small tree. I have a leaf that is 3-lobed. I have very long upright flower spikes.

Who am I?  Mountain Maple

 

3) I am a very large tree. I am vase-shaped when mature. I have a 5-lobed leaf that is light coloured underneath.

Who am I?  Silver Maple

 

4) I am a medium sized tree. I have a compound leaf. I have a seed samara that is V-shaped.

Who am I?  Manitoba Maple

 

5) I am a shrub. I have 3-lobed leaves. I have striped bark.

Who am I?  Striped Maple

 

6) I can grow to be a very tall tree. I have a 5-lobed leaf with smooth edges. I have sap that can be used as sugar.

Who am I?  Sugar Maple

 

(Appeared in The South Shoreliner – Vol.5 No.5 – October, 2024)

 

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Editor's Note

This is the 27th edition of The South Shoreliner. The editor would like to thank the following for contributing to this 27th edition of The South Shoreliner:  Cheryl Anderson, John F. Foster, John Keats, Hal Hewett, Ontario Public Health, William Shakespeare, Brian Reid, Steve Burr, and Cheryl Chapman. Contributions make the newsletter readable and interesting. For the next and upcoming newsletters, contributions of articles, photos and events are always welcome.

-- John F. Foster, The South Shoreliner Editor

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South Shore Joint Initiative partners include the following:

Prince Edward Point Bird Observatory (PEPtBO)

Prince Edward County Field Naturalists (PECFN)

Alliance to Protect Prince Edward County (APPEC)

Hastings Prince Edward Land Trust  (HPELT)

Birds Canada (BC)

Quinte Field Naturalists (QFN) 

Kingston Field Naturalists (KFN)

Nature Canada (NC)

Ontario Nature (ON)

 

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